Accepting Men

For many things, change is inevitable. According to an excerpt tittled â€Å"Accepting Men as They Are†, written by Albert Ellis, men are sex- orientated, selfish, and workaholics. Ellis believes that it is useless to try to change a man because that is how they are built. There is no point in changing because it simply cannot be done. That could be true, however, this passage was written in 1979, about three decades ago. The author had another perspective because he lived in a different generation. Men acted like they were superior, but it is now the 21st century; times has changed, and so have men.Even though many people will say that men are all the same, men are capable of changing for the better. After all, we are all humans. Humans change for the better every day like going to rehab and fix their problems. Men that change for the better are shown throughout literature, history, and the media. There are many times where men were able to change completely, like the Grinch, Tiger Woods, and in the movie â€Å"Click† where Adam Sandler acted as Michael Newman who was portrayed as a workaholic.In the passage, Ellis stated that â€Å"All men are selfish†, however in the popular childrens’ book, How the Grinch Stole Christmas? Grinch was able to change. Symbolic of men, the Grinch was selfish, bitter, and did not want to relate himself to any of the Whos. He wanted to take everyone’s joy away so he attempted to steal Christmas. Even though he takes all the decor, he was appalled that everyone still had the holiday spirit in them. Because of a young adolescent named Little Cindy Loo Who, he was able to change and return all the decorations and presents back to the village.One of the peak points in the movie was when Little Cindy Loo Who was about to fall off a cliff because of his sleigh was too heavy to carrying all the Christmas decorations and presents. The Grinch’s heart grew bigger and bigger, and he did not care if he got hurt and tried to save the life of the child that saved his. The villagers were able to see that he transformed into a heartwarming man. They gave him a chance and at the end the Grinch was able to cut the ham. Due to his positive outlook he was able to become a new person and change into a better man.Albert Ellis claims that men only want sex from a woman. However, some men are lustful to the extent where they were addicted to it, and even lost their whole family. In the last year, Tiger Woods was exposed to the media for having many mistresses and cheating on his wife. Not too long after this was made public, they got a divorce. Woods realized his obsession with sex, and checked into rehab. Even though this is one of the times where it was too late for the man to realize his addiction, he was able to admit that he had a problem.He lost his wife, kids, and almost his career. Checking into sex rehab was one of the choices for him and was a big step, but he knew he had to chan ge. He already lost his family, but he did not want to lose everything he had, including his career. This is to show that he is progressing into a better person. Some men become workaholics because they need it to support their family. In the movie â€Å"Click†, Adam Sandler plays a workaholic that tries to give the best to his family. By using a remote to fast forward time, he was able to fast forward to where he was promoted.In doing so, he spent many nights working on projects that will prove to his boss that he is a trustworthy person that can handle bigger jobs. He could not wait any longer so he went to a mad scientist which fast forwarded time, and sent him to a different time in the future. Traveling through time saw how he would be in the future if he kept focusing on his work. He lost his wife and kids, and devoteds his whole life to his job. He realized that he missed all the good times with his wife and children, and was fortunately able to go back and realize his mistake.He paid more attention to his wife and kids and was more romantic. He changed his outlook on life and was able to get back his old life. All men are different, but one thing in common is that they are able to change for worse and better. The only person you can change is yourself. Without saying more, no one should be able to change anyone because it must be the desire of the person wo needs to change. Change is still possible, but it is in only self-realization where it can only happen.

European History: Marxism and Darwinism

Chad McKeegan Mr. Horner AP European History 10 April 2013 Marxism Essay Life for Europeans during the 1800s only contained two possibilities of economic wellbeing because, as Marx would note, the wealth was not evenly distributed between the social classes. The majority of the wealth was obtained by the upper class or people with power, such as business tycoons as a result of the capitalistic economy that existed.Based on the paintings presented, Marxism theorists would exemplify that the economic differences between the two families is a result of class conflict, but Social Darwinists would argue that differences are primarily caused by their biological disadvantages to the environment. At a glance people tend to associate Marxism as basic communism, but it was Karl Marx and Friedrich Engles’ ideologies of the proletariat evolving society into one of economic and social equality that eventually developed into what people commonly refer to as Communism.Marx and Engles believe d that a proletariat revolution was necessary in order to lay the base line for a communist society, which is further explained in the Communist Manifesto. In contrast Social Darwinists philosophize about a â€Å"survival of the fittest† society, in which individuals whom have environmental advantages will obtain economic and social advantages, and those at a disadvantage will fall off the ladder.Both Marxism and Social Darwinism are based around completely different ideals, but both philosophies do not expurgate the ideologies needed to sustain a stable society. Upon analyzing the contrasted paintings it is evident that there are major economic differences between the two families. When examining the painting of the wealthy European family the degree of wealth is clearly visible in both the environment and the people.The wealthy family seems to be surrounded by various items of wealth, such as paintings, ritzy furniture, fancy curtains, and the prestigious clothing they wear all contribute to the expression of content visible on their faces. In contrast the deprived family is clustered together with their several children because it was necessary for the children to work in order to receive manageable income.This painting in particular expurgates a vicarious feeling of sorrow and misery, which is clearly visible in every family member’s face. Marxist theorists would argue that the wealthy family can afford luxurious items and live peacefully every day, while the poor family struggles because there was an incredibly uneven distribution of wealth. Based on the labor theory, the worker is cheated of the value his labor creates, which the low wages of workers meant the threat of over – production, accumulated goods, and depression.The poor family cannot earn enough money to comfortably live day to day because the corporate business owners and those of nobility do not pay the workers enough, and siphon all of the accumulated wealth. Social Dar winists would analyze the two paintings and immediately notice that the poor family is of different race. Social Darwinists would then conclude that the poor family lacked the intelligence and societal skills because their biological differences put them at an environmental disadvantage.This environmental disadvantage would be considered the primary reason the less fortunate family cannot prosper. The Social Darwinian ideals eventually gave rise to the phrase â€Å"survival of the fittest,† which accurately explains the original Darwinian concept of certain species ability to survive and mate as a result of their biologically determined environmental advantages. Social Darwinism, which was a valid concept during the 1800s, no longer has a place in modern society; considering that most civilizations are based on equal opportunity for success.Upon analyzing the two paintings Marxism theorists would argue that the social and economic differences between the two families is large ly the result of an unequal distribution of wealth, and Social Darwinists would believe that biologically determined environmental advantages is the cause of the vast gap between the wealthy and the poor. The issue associated with both philosophies is that each concept largely benefits only one group of individuals, which exemplifies the impossibility of a utopian society.

Microsoft Organizational Growth & Control Study Essay

Microsoft has been a highly influential and instrumental organization of change during our lifetime. At times we praise these innovations, and at times we’ve cursed it. The Government has tried to control it. Organizations have tried to imitate it. By no means has this company had an easy time. Organizational growth goes through stages, each culminating in a crisis stage which must be overcome in order to continue growth. Let’s evaluate how Microsoft met these challenges. 1.Relate Microsoft’s problems with its control and evaluation systems to each of the stages of growth in Greiner’s model. In stage 1 of Greiner’s model of organizational growth, ‘growth through creativity’, ‘the norms and values of the organizational culture, rather than the hierarchy and organizational structure, control people’s behavior’ (Jones, 2010, p. 315). For Microsoft, the control and evaluation systems were likely driven directly by Bill Gates and Paul Allen, where Bill reviewed continued programming as well as leadership during the first five years of the business. In stage 2 ‘Growth through direction’ Microsoft partnered with IBM to provide its PC-DOS operating system to the IBM PC (â€Å"Bill Gates,† February 18, 2012, p. 1). Luckily Bill maintained the OS copyright, which created a differentiation between hardware and software in the marketplace and propelled Microsoft to one of the first corporations to market in the software space. At this point Bill moved from startup to established corporation and appointed his senior management team, and situated the corporation in Redmond, Washington. In stage 3 ‘growth through delegation it’s likely that the small work groups described in this case for analysis story was forming and performing. Innovation was delegated to these teams and control functions of the performance reviews were tied to the team structure. Performance was likely directly tied to the revenue of the product the team was contributing too, and likely evenly distributed. This is typically the case when the company is thriving. So too, the ‘crisis of control’ that accompanies this stage led to the performance management changes that caused difficulty for the Vista release, political stress, and deterioration of team dynamics (Jones, 2010, p. 330). For stage 4 ‘growth through coordination’, Senior Leadership likely stepped in to reassume control and evaluate the situation to make appropriate corrections to get back on track. I lived in Washington State at that time and had many colleagues that worked at Microsoft. As the text states, Microsoft was very secretive about its information, but I do know that there was a significant amount of reorganization and attrition that accompanied whatever changes they made during that time. There was extensive emphasis placed on getting the following product releases out the door in timely fashion, and although there appeared to be an elevated amount of bugs in the release, timelines did improve. 2.Microsoft today is most likely in the growth through collaboration stage. How do you recommend it changes its structure, culture, and control systems to solve its problems at this stage? At this stage in Greiner’s model ‘growth through collaboration’, Microsoft should begin to focus efforts for more coordination between levels of the organization. The product team structure that Microsoft utilizes should stay intact, but the management action with teams should be less rigid and more supporting. Time to market and customer needs are paramount, and policy and process must accommodate quick response in support of these goals. The small team structure that made Microsoft the great company it is should be maintained. This composition supports an organic organizational structure that is advised at this stage to be fully effective and keep costs low. Microsoft has transitioned through Greiner’s model of organizational growth and amassed billions in profit despite standard periods of crisis. This shows that the organizational structure and culture of Microsoft is one of strength and discipline to make adjustments as needed to continue its dominance in the marketplace. And as organizations change, the culture and its employees must adjust as well. Many innovative businesses have been spun off or benefitted from those employees that decided not to stay. For better or worse, that company has provided great gain to the technical revolution of our time. References Bill Gates. (February 18, 2012). In Bill Gates. Retrieved February 18, 2012, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates Jones, G. R. (2010). Organizational Theory, Design, and Change (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc.

Book Review, King Leopold's Ghost Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Book Review, King Leopold's Ghost - Essay Example King Leopold’s Ghost reminds us how man’s greed, power and desire to conquer and exploit far away lands far outweighs his compassion for humanity. The story begins with an informative history about the colonization of the Congo by explorer Henry Morton Stanley. The reader is offered a glimpse of Stanley’s lust for power and disrespect of humanity through his cunning plan to use Belgium’s King Leopold in a quest to exploit Africa as a goldmine. Leopold proves to be a suitable partner for Stanley, happy masking his true desires for power and money under the guise of philanthropy. He deceives the world with a false agenda, one which holds the best interest of the Congo locals at heart. Together, Leopold and Hochschild take steps which eventually leave the Congo in the hands of King Leopold. Thereafter, the locals are exposed to a dictatorship which enslaves them not only physically but also mentally, stripping their country of wealth. Leopold and Stanley’s titles of good king and adventuresome explorer are ripped away by Hochschild who is not afraid to use facts to paint a less flattering picture of the pair. Leopold was eager to cash in on the worlds growing demand for natural resources such as ivory and rubber which Africa was rich of and was not afraid to go to extreme lengths to achieve his goals. Punishment was measured out in whippings and included men, women and children. Hochschild uses Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad to illustrate the brutality inflicted by Leopold. Murder, decorating gardens with skull and rubbing salt into wounds were common occurrences that were openly accepted as common practice by the white Force Publique. It is estimated that the population of the Congo was reduced by half over a forty year period. Although Leopold’s exploits were well hidden, he was not free from opposition who was determined to expose his cruelty and true intentions to the rest of the world. Hochschild introduces us to

Parent's perspective towards childhood obesity in early years Dissertation

Parent's perspective towards childhood obesity in early years - Dissertation Example Childhood obesity is a rising problem. It is defined as having a BMI of equal to or greater then 95% of the population (Deckelbaum & Williams, 2001, p. 240s). There are a number of reasons why childhood obesity is on the rise. Increase in television viewing is one culprit (Reilly, 2004). Increases in fast food intake is another (Bowman et al., 2004). There are a variety of reasons for childhood obesity, but one thing is clear - childhood obesity is a problem, as it leads to a range of health problems for the obese child, including diabetes, hypertension and heart problems (Deckelbaum & Williams, 2001, p. 240s). Because childhood obesity is such a problem, and it is becoming more and more widespread, there is a need for a study to understand the problem better, including the reasons why the problem is becoming so widespread, and what can be done about it. This study seeks to find another factor that might be somewhat overlooked, and that is the role of the parent and the educators of children, and how parents and educators may work together to combat this problem. Specifically, this study seeks to understand how a parent's habits might be transmitted to his or her child, and whether educators can make a difference if they work with parents to help the parents understand how to help their child. This study also seeks to understand what role that parents play in childhood obesity – is it because the parents are too lenient with their child? Or is it because the parents have bad habits themselves, therefore the child learns all these bad habits? Perhaps it is because the parents simply do not have time to prepare food.... 240s). Because childhood obesity is such a problem, and it is becoming more and more widespread, there is a need for a study to understand the problem better, including the reasons why the problem is becoming so widespread, and what can be done about it. This study seeks to find another factor that might be somewhat overlooked, and that is the role of the parent and the educators of children, and how parents and educators may work together to combat this problem. Specifically, this study seeks to understand how a parent's habits might be transmitted to his or her child, and whether educators can make a difference if they work with parents to help the parents understand how to help their child. This study also seeks to understand what role that parents play in childhood obesity is it because the parents are too lenient with their child? Or is it because the parents have bad habits themselves, therefore the child learns all these bad habits? Perhaps it is because the parents simply do not have time to prepare food. Are the parents aware that their child has a problem, and, if so, are they interested in helping them, and what are they interested in doing to help the child with his or her weight problem? This study also seeks to understand children, and why they might choose healthy food or unhealthy food. These are the aims of this study. The purpose of this study is to remedy these problem/s of childhood obesity.Perhaps there is an educator who has a good idea that might address the problem, or perhaps a parent might have a decent idea as well. The ultimate goal is to determine a course of action that educators and parents might

Double Consciousness and Triple Person Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Double Consciousness and Triple Person - Essay Example The author also defines an internal identity as the real authentic self. This identity is defined by the black man’s inner and outer characteristics. It is the way the Negro truly should be; a powerful force of nature; an element that has defied the odds and lived on in a hostile society. This black man is a human being capable of dreaming, achieving and maximising his potential. Finally, and most importantly, Fanon’s third person must contend with the external identity. This is defined by the person’s race; it is the most predominant of all. The black man’s race is all the world sees, yet society insists on judging him according to its own standards. Fanon believes that accepting only the Negro or race identity is tantamount to being amputated. It rips off all other elements of his being and leaves him frustrated. The white man appears to call the shots in this society. He defines who the black man can and cannot be. Fanon bemoans the fact that this identity is branded onto black people as soon as they are born. They eventually realise that they are objects of others’ gazes. In one line he quotes the assertions of a white child: â€Å"Mama see the Negro! I’m frightened.†. The white gaze is indeed a primary component of the black man’s existence. Dubois also defined the black man’s identity through a double consciousness. This refers to two aspects of the Negro’s existence – that of being an American citizen and that of being a Negro.

Environmental science Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Environmental science - Movie Review Example d solutions for environmental issues are depicted through aerial shots of natural and urban landscapes across several countries.  The documentary argues  that the more the earth develops the more natural resources it consumes. Building and population boom in urban China, industrial production in the U.S., the lack of potable water in India, and deforestation in Borneo are some of the issues covered. In South Korea, New York, and Costa Rica, forest management programs are being implemented. In addition, Mumbai, New Zealand, and Austria among other countries have agreed to develop renewable energy sources like windmill and solar panels. This documentary makes us aware of  the environments problems and the different solutions offered by environment science.  We are shown that water, soil, wind, and sun work together to create life. Environmental scientists are encouraged to  improve existing technologies  in renewable energy sources and develop new ways of harnessing energy from the  earth. As whats stated in the documentary - "Whats important is what remains [on earth]."  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This documentary depicts different scenarios that could result from increases in world temperature. The documentary was filled with weather footages and special effects that illustrate the harmful effects of global warming. Alec Baldwin guides the audience through his narration of the changes in temperature and the accompanying effect in oceans, disasters, and everyday climate. Environmental events believed to have resulted from global warming are also presented.    The documentary used real-world examples of environmental changes to portray how changes in earth’s temperature affect the environment. A place in England now grows wine-quality grapes which were not possible a few years back. The metal-protected houses in Paris led to several thousands dead when a heat wave occurred. All these real-world examples show the harmful effects of increasing earth temperature. The documentary

Family Health Assessment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Family Health Assessment - Research Paper Example Moreover, the family stated that they have not been experiencing any history of diseases like cancer or diabetes. Another issue that the family addressed concerning this function is that none of them engages in drug and substance abuse. The family believed that this is the main reason that they have not been suffering from any chronic diseases. The second function was about nutrition and the data gathered indicated that the family could normally afford to take a balance diet meal on a daily basis. Looking on their faces, they were health and this indicated that it was true on what they were saying. The family also stated that every member addresses the recommendations made by health experts by taking the necessary cups of water on a daily basis. On this issue, they approximated that each member takes between five to seven cups of clean water on a daily basis. Apart from water, the family also recorded taking other forms of fluids like tea and fruit juices. The fluids and water are of significance importance in assisting on normal body functioning and digestion. In respect to sleep/rest, the family indicated that it had problems in achieving the recommendable sleep/rest pattern. The parents stated they sleep for about four to five hours. This is because they spend most of their times trying to meet daily needs. The children also stated they sleep between six to seven hours as they spend most of their time working on school assignments. It was evident that the family lacks enough time rest. This has resulted to some members to find difficulties in sleeping at night. On the function of elimination, data gathered indicated that the family members differed on the number of times that they eliminated waste substances from their body. In the family of six members, two of them stated that they eliminated the waste substances two times on a daily basis. The other four indicated that they

Causes and Effects of European Exploration Research Paper

Causes and Effects of European Exploration - Research Paper Example All the European nations had almost similar desires for these explorations, of which they struggled to accomplish. This exploration also had some impacts which came as a result of it. Some of the causes and effects are further discussed in the paper. The causes were as follows: the desire to find new trade routes, need of more resources, and search for more knowledge, the desire of the emperor expansion and the spread of Christianity. As a result of the exploration several things happened. Some of the impacts were: discovery of new trade routes, establishment of the line of demarcation, the spread of Christianity, the extinction of the natives, introduction of slavery, the ignition of rivalry, the establishment of the triangular trade route, the Columbian exchange and the capitalism rise. These causes and effects will be discussed further in this paper together with their importance in the study of history. Causes â€Å"Great discoveries in transportation, navigation, and communicat ion of the Scientific Revolution during and after the European Rennaissance (late 1400s- early 1500s) led to the thirst for adventure and exploration† (Bentely, Jerry, and Herbert, 2008, p.97). ... In the 1400s, refrigeration had not been discovered, so people were using salt to preserve foods like meat and other perishable food products. Therefore, they required more spices to neutralize the salty food and to minimize the bad taste of the meat that was almost going bad. â€Å"The spices and exotic items serve to whet the appetites of the European communities and arouse a great demand for much more of the same,† (Koch, 2003, p. 68). These spices were only excised in Asia that is why; these European needed an easy route to Asia. Before, the only route was through the mountains across Turkey which had become too difficult due to the hostile Turkish Empire. The prizes of these spices had risen, and the nation that could find a way of bringing these spices to Europe, would generate a lot of income and become so powerful in the region. The desire to get this possible sea route was a common aim in almost all European nations. One of the major explorations is the Christopher Co lumbus famous voyage to the new world. The voyage started from Palos Spain in the year 1497 in which they were in search of route to Asia to get these spices. Instead, they came across a new land, the land of America. After some time, other voyages followed Columbus. At first, they thought this new land was just a little land, but with time they discovered that America had valuable resources. Vasco da Gamer later made it to Asia through sea and from then, the European got an easy sea route to Asia. The other cause of the exploration was the need of the growing power and wealth within the European nations. The European nations fought many wars; they fought against themselves and also against the Empire of Turkey. During these wars, they used a lot of

Why Are College Students Stressed What Can We Do Essay

Why Are College Students Stressed What Can We Do - Essay Example ausal factors that contribute to stress within the life college student as well as some prescriptive changes that can be utilized as a function of reducing the overall level stress. In such a manner, it is the hope of this particular author that the information which will be put forward can be useful not only in seeking to further define this negative externality of you but in seeking to promote best practices that will improve the quality of life, health, and stress reduction of the individual that might otherwise high stress during their college years. Firstly, and perhaps most obviously, there are two types of pressures that are inherent within the university system. The first of these has to do with pressures that are placed upon the student by the University and those that are placed on the student by none other than the student themselves. Although these definitions may seem somewhat simplistic, it is necessary to understand the mechanisms by which these stressors impact upon the student are various and multifaceted. Taking the example of the way in which the University creates expectations that stress the student, this can of course be understood in terms of race, scholarships, class standing, and other norms that exist within the University system. Whereas it is true that it is necessary for a student to put forth maximum effort as a function of learning the material at hand, most educators would currently agree that the University education has become so focused upon this component of education that the learning of the mate rial, is a distant third or fourth in terms of overall priorities (Pedersen 623). This is a fundamental drawback and weakness that is exhibited within the current educational system in colleges and universities around the country. In order for this to be ameliorated, it will be necessary for universities and colleges to insist that educational attainment and knowledge acquisition is the main determinant by which success can be judged;

Character analysis with Character questionnaire (FRANK COSTELLO in THE Essay

Character analysis with Character questionnaire (FRANK COSTELLO in THE DEPARTED(2006)) - Essay Example He will not hesitate to kill his people no matter how many are they if they double cross him or if they become a snitch of the police. He narrated that there was a time he killed everybody because they are putting his business in danger by conniving with the police. Frank Costello is a â€Å"smart guy† which means he got his education in the streets rather in the university. He is a street smart guy rather than a â€Å"book smart† guy. The way he quizzes Billy shows his experience in the street such as when he asked if â€Å"William† is trying to tell him something when Bill shows resistance with how he quizzes him. Instead however of being threatened, he liked the guy which also shows that Frank likes strong people to be around him. Frank Costello’s childhood and background is not clear in the script but it can be inferred that he grew up in the streets and did not only survive but also prevailed to become the leader of a syndicate Frank Costello is already an experienced man. In the line 106 where he said â€Å"Tell the truth, I dont need pussy any more,but I still like it† is really a figure of speech that he had been through it all and is no longer motivated by beautiful women and money. It is also an indication that Frank Costello is an accomplished man and had all the women and money that anyone could desire. With regard to money, he already had it early in life when he had the â€Å"milk money† of Archie in the third grade. Having all those experiences, Frank Costello is already careful about the business. He knows what snitches can do to him and the business and is doing everything he could to identify and weed them out. He is already old and do not want to spend retirement in jail. This explains why he took the time to quiz Bill in the bar and how serious he is in dealing with traitors. The way Frank Costello quizzes Bill showed his acumen in dealing with people as well as in extracting information

Conflict and Violence in Premarital Relationship Essay Example for Free

Conflict and Violence in Premarital Relationship Essay Incidence of conflicts and violence in premarital relationship seems to happen regularly. This research paper discusses the many possible reasons that would cause someone to become a victim or perpetrator in premarital relationships. A root cause of premarital violence is in childhood experiences. Individuals develop a certain relationship style based on their childhood experiences that influences how they behave in close relationships. Childhood emotional trauma causes children to develop insecure relationship style that produces adults with many emotional and psychological issues such as depression and anger. These styles are termed: the secure, the avoidant, the ambivalent and the disorganized relationship style. Children learn to communicate and interact with others through observing the way their manage conflicts parents. Conflicts occur often, mainly due to the lack of communication skills between couples and individual insecurities. Uncontrolled and unmanaged conflicts can cause one or both partners lose control, and quite often, the heated conflict ends in violence. Introduction Conflicts that arise in premarital relationships may be due to both dyadic and individual problems. These conflicts often lead to violence in relationships. The way someone reacts to lifes problems or issues is rooted in the way he or she is raised and his or her childhood experiences. The term premarital used throughout this paper refers to only a male-female relationship. The terms such as courtship, dating relationships, also refers to the entire scope of heterosexual dating behavior, from casual dating through engagement and/or cohabitation. A premarital relationship is defined as any romantic love relationship involving a male and a female before marriage or outside of marriage. The essence of romance is characterized by a marked physical attraction, strong emotional attachment between the partners, and a tendency for each to idealize the other (Waller ; Hill, 1951). Premarital relationships in this research paper includes anyone from as young as high school students to seniors. Conflicts Lead to Violence Conflict in premarital relationships can be defined as a disagreement, a quarrel or dispute, or a discord of action or feeling. According to Tim Clinton (2006), there are three levels of relationship dispute which are termed renegotiation, impasse or dissolution. Level one (renegotiation) involves someone who is angry and bickers about his or her differences and who is governed by fears and anger. Level two (impasse) is where both individuals begin to disengage emotionally from each other and no longer confide or trust each other. Level three (dissolution) is where couples eventually reach a point where they completely cut themselves off emotionally from each other (Clinton 2006). Violence in premarital relationships include acts that involves any force that is unjust, rough or injurious to another person. Henton et al. (1983), reported several types of violent behaviors such as pushing, grabbing or shoving, slapping and kicking, biting or hitting with the fist. Relationship violence involves both the victimized and the perpetrator. When a conflict gets out of hand and escalates, one or both partners lose control, and quite often the heated conflict ends in violence (Lloyd et al. , 1989). Alarmingly, violence in courtship seems to happen regularly between 1 in 3 and 1 in 2 college students and 1 in 10 high school students experience violence as victims or perpetrators (Cate et al. , 1982; Laner ; Thompson, 1982; Makepeace, 1981; Roscoe ; Callahan, 1985; Rouse et al. , 1988; Stets ; Straus, 1989). The ability of premarital partners to overlook, forgive, or ignore negative interaction that is even encouraged and supported by peer groups is due to the power of romance (Lloyd, 1991). Individual and Childhood Problems Childhood experiences have a lasting effect on people according to the Social Learning Theory. Exposure to violence during childhood makes individuals more prone to be involved in a violent intimate relationship. The witnessing of violence in the family of origin links to violent experience and perpetration in premarital relationships Gover et al. (2008) explored the association between exposure to violence in the family of origin and subsequent physical violence and psychological abuse in dating relationship. Dating violence victimization and perpetration, has been linked to exposure to violence during early childhood. Gover et al. 2008) termed this hypothesis intergenerational transmission of violence, where exposure to violence during childhood is related to subsequent involvement in violent intimate relationships (p. 1668). The hypothesis explains how dating violence is more likely in people that experienced child abuse or witnessed parental violence. The study looked at the interpersonal violence between dating partners in several ways by using large sample of male and female college students to comprehensively examine the intergenerational transmission of violence hypothesis. Women are more often victimized than men. The study by Gover et al. , showed that childhood abuse is associated with the likelihood of dating violence victimization among females but not males. The results showed a correlation between childhood violence victimization and physical violence perpetration in a dating relationship, which supported the intergenerational transmission of violence hypothesis. They also concluded that there is a significant relationship between physical dating violence victimization for women who were exposed to paternal perpetrated abuse. Witnessing violence between parents does not have as much of a significant impact on dating violence perpetration in comparison to female exposure to paternal perpetrated abuse. Child abuse is related to dating violence victimization and perpetration especially among males; women are more likely to become victimized rather than the perpetrator according to some studies. Child abuse involves psychological abuse, emotional neglect, sexual abuse, exposure to severe marital conflict and addictive behavior (Clinton, 2006). According to the Gover et al. tudy, violence victimization and perpetration are experienced by those who witnessed one parent hit the other parent and experienced childhood abuse at higher rates in dating relationships in comparison to those who were not exposed to violence during childhood. Ones childhood relationships are very important because they shape the chemical processes in the brain that determine how someone controls his or her impulses, calm or strong emotions and develop memories in their early family life. Tim Clinton (2006) believes that everyone develops relationship rules, which determines their relationship style from childhood. He described four relationship styles in his book, Why You Do the Things You Do: The Secret to Healthy Relationships; the secure, the avoidant, the ambivalent and the disorganized relationship style. The underlying reason why people do the things they do is their relationship style or their attachment style. Special relationship, bond, or connection with another person that is characterized by strong emotions and continues through time is what Clinton (2006) refers to as attachment. A persons relationship style is determined by the interactions between a mother and her infant over time. These interactions teach her child certain relationship rules, which are core beliefs about one self and others. These core beliefs may not always be fully conscious to the individual, but they influence the behavior of everyone in a powerful way, such as the tendencies to act violently or easily become a victim in premarital relationships. Insecure relationship styles, the avoidant, the ambivalent and the disorganized relationship style are most likely to experience relational conflicts more often than those with secure relationship style. Children learn how to manage conflict from watching the way their parents work out their disagreements. A childs security is also threatened when he sees his parents in screaming matches, physical struggles or violence (Clinton, 2006). An individual with a disorganized relationship style is at a high risk to fall into deep depression because this person has been borderline depressed and anxious throughout life. Events such as job loss, conflict with a friend, financial struggles can cause him or her to sink rapidly into serious depression. Those with poor mental health outcomes such as anxiety, depression, reduced self-esteem, stress, and various physical health consequences, have been involved in a violent relationship (Gibb et al. , 2004; Messman-Moore et al. , 2000). The potential for violence can be linked to someone who has developed a disorganized relationship style. Children who develop a disorganized relationship style have been traumatized by their own parents, who were both a source and the solution to their fears and anxieties. This simply means that these children had no solution or safe haven for them. As a result, these children become emotionally disorganized and fragmented during stressful times (Clinton, 2006). There are two sources of stress that influence individuals or couples; positive events that comes with a challenge and negative events that comes with threat and harm or loss. There are contradicting studies of dating violence, and the role that stress plays in premarital love relation conflict is not yet clear. Men and women may react differently to stress according to OLearys (1998) theoretical formulation of spouse aggression. Wethington et al. (1987) reported that research on acute stressors shows that males and females are similar in the number of undesirable events experienced, but that males seem more emotionally affected. Therefore, if there is a relationship between stress and violence, it might be greater for males than females (Marshall Rose, 1990). Marshall and Rose (1990) conducted a study to test the influence of stress on relationship conflicts and violence. They found that positive stress contributed to males recent expression of violence, (p. 61). The reason why positive stress but not negative stress, contributed to males expression of violence is unclear according to Marshal and Rose (1990). This finding is contrary to previously similar studies done by other researchers, however, this contrast may be due to the fact that Marshal and Rose allowed the observers, rather than the respondents to classify the direction of stress impact, whether they are positive or negative. Stress is a secondary emotional reaction, when someone tries to repress primary emotions such as fear or pain due to life issues (Clinton, 2006). An individual who has an avoidant relationship style tends to be narcissistic who can easily become even more self-absorbed under stress. Possibilities for conflicts would increase dramatically for these types of individuals because when they receive negative feedback, for instance, they become angry and contemptuous, (Kindle Locations 1522-1526). This kind of behavior brings constant or more frequent conflicts under stressful times for both individuals. Dyadic Problems In premarital relationships, mutual admiration and devotion exist between couples, especially when they move towards a deeper level of commitment. In contrast to these qualities, most couples were found to be in mutual combat because more than two-thirds of one sample reported reciprocal violence (Carte et al. , 1982). Some individuals, whose perception of dating is one of a carefree experience to be enjoyed or to just have a good time, approach their problems by using their partners as targets to physically act out feelings of anger, confusion and jealousy (Henton et al. 1983). A study done by Henton et al. (1983) assessed the incidence and context of the use of violence in high school relationship because the first experiences in forming intimate relationships occur for many individuals during high school. He found that a significant number of high school students have experienced premarital violence in one or more relationships. In 71. 4% of high school relationships where violence occurred, it was found that the pattern of abuse was reciprocal, where each partner had been both the victim and aggressor at some point in time. The remaining 28. 6 %, four patterns were identified; male abuser only, female abuser only, abused male and abused female. Most individuals remained in violent relationships because they felt that they have significantly fewer alternatives than those who terminated such relationships. Individual tends to tolerate or have a more positive attitude towards premarital violence if they have been involved in abusive relationships than those who were involved in non-abusive relationships (Henton et al. 1983). This finding in this study suggests that the occurrence of premarital violence is because of dyadic problems rather than solely a result of individual characteristics. One suggestion as to why victims had a more positive attitude towards violence may be because victims of violence may have become addicted to such trauma. The brain releases chemicals called endogenous opioids, natural painkillers that are the brain’s equivalent to heroin whenever someone is under extreme stress. The stress of relationship violence could easily cause victims to become addicted to the drug. For someone to withdraw from that drug would be similar to breaking a drug addiction. Increasing the difficulty is the fact that the withdrawal symptoms parallel the nightmare of the traumatized person: emptiness, tension, irritability, and an internal sense of unrest, (Clinton, 2006, Kindle Locations 2131-2137). The person may return to the trauma and its â€Å"morphine,† in order to relieve the symptoms. Another way addiction to trauma can develop is fear of the unknown Clinton, 2006, Kindle Locations 2131-2137. The state of ones emotional wellbeing is a factor that influences how couples handle conflicts and whether they are prone to violence or foster safety. Emotion, according to Clinton (2006), is The physical, gut-felt responses that fuel our behavior and motivate us to act, (Kindle Locations 4310-4311). Emotions are what motivate someone to seek closeness during times of stress and therefore, they are very important in relationships. Specific emotional components such as positive affective tone, listening and understanding, and self-disclosure, protect premarital relationships from violence (Prager Buhrmester, 1998). Those individuals who did not develop a secure relationship style as termed by Tim Clinton (2006) foster many kinds of negative emotions because of insecurities they developed from childhood. Individuals with the ambivalent relationship style tend to be anxious, melodramatic or angry. These individuals would be prone to violence in their dating relationships. Swett and Marcus (2002) explored the issues about couples emotional dynamics and violence. A group of upper-level undergraduates were asked a number of questions about their current relationship, about the duration of their relationships, number of times in previous relationships they had physical fights and the severity of injury they had suffered as a result (Swett Marcus, 2002). The findings of the study support the importance of the intimacy components of positive affective tone and listening and understanding in reducing dyadic violence. The quality of emotional interactions is a factor that influences violent tendencies in premarital relationships. Positive emotions that involve positive affective tone and listening and understanding, can inhibit violence in relationship, and therefore serve as protections against violence (Swett Marcus, 2002). Unhealthy communication leads to conflicts, it prevents couples from being able to talk through their feelings. Tim Clinton (2006), talks about four kinds of unhealthy communication, in his book, he explained how criticism, defensiveness, contempt and stonewalling are all forms of unhealthy communication. Criticism comes in a form of questioning that implies that the other person has a character flaw, for example, why do you always do that? You never do what you say youre going to do. I just cant count on you for anything, (Kindle Locations 775-776). Defensiveness is a reaction against a criticism causing retaliation, for example, â€Å"What do you mean I never do what I say? How many times have you not come through when I needed you to help me out with the kids? You don’t help. You just whine and complain that things don’t happen according to your schedule! † (Kindle Locations 778-779). Contempt comes when criticism and defensiveness intensifies, derogatory remarks, put-downs and extreme distress result. For example, some one who is in contempt might say something like this, â€Å"You make me sick! You never do what you say you’ll do. You’re a big talker, just like your mother, but you never follow through. I’ve grown used to not being able to rely on you, so I’ll just do everything myself—like always. † (Kindle Locations 782-784). Stonewalling results from a high intensity of contempt, causing a person to shut down and stop participating in conversation by walking out of the room or stare off into space. These behaviors can increase the other person’s rage and spark another round of criticism. Kindle Locations 785-787). People with insecure relationship styles would be at a higher risk of relationship violence victimization and or perpetration. Conclusion Although squabbles are a necessary part of every couples growth together, when carefully managed or regulated, is a building block for a healthy relationship, one that is vibrant and thriving (Clinton, 2006). People who are at less risk for relationship violence victimization and perpetration are most likely to possess a secure relationship style. These people are confident in their identity, their effectiveness in the world and trust others. This allows them to have a healthy way of interacting with and relating to people. Secure people are emotionally strong, willing to seek and accept comfort from others, courageous about love and intimacy, and responsible for themselves,(Kindle Location 4337). There are many other factors that potentially increase the chances for individuals to have a healthy love relationship with another person. Individuals, who have higher attachment to his or her parents during childhood, were less likely to be responsible for dating violence (Chapple Hope, 2003). Religious institutions were found to be a protective factor for potential violence dating relationship. Students reporting more church attendance were less likely to be involved in a violent dating relationship (Coker et al. , 2000; Gover, 2004). Conflicts often arise because of the lack of communication skills and resolution skills. Couples should learn to talk openly and honestly about our feelings, both positive and negative ones. A healthy form of communication can develop this way between couples. It will help them avoid unnecessary conflicts that can eventually escalate to violence.

Newly Qualified Nurse Responsibilities

Newly Qualified Nurse Responsibilities The aim of this assignment is to discuss the global roles and responsibilities of the newly qualified nurse. The exercise will begin by briefly looking at the transition from student to nurse and thereafter outlining the basic roles of the newly qualified nurse and try to fit them into appropriate professional skills. In addition, there will be a critical examination of two roles in more detail with one of them focusing on Patient Group Directions (PGD), and justify their importance. We will then look at some legal, professional and ethical considerations before making a conclusion on the future role development of the nurse. The NMC require a student nurse to demonstrate professional and ethical practice, be competent in care delivery and care management, and show personal and professional development in order to join the register (NMC, 2010). On becoming a qualified nurse, the expectations and dynamics of relationships changes fundamentally. Suddenly the newly qualified nurse is the one who must know the answer, whether it is a query from a patient, a carer, a work colleague or a student. The newly qualified nurse will encounter many challenging situations where she or he must lead care delivery. This includes dealing with care management within the team, dealing with patients/service users, dealing with other professionals, and dealing with the required needs of the whole workplace environment. These changes require a large shift from the experience of being a student and a mentored supervised learner, so it is essential that one is equipped with all the skills required to successfully make the transition. The newly qualified nurse must demonstrate they are fit to enter the NMC register and therefore be eligible to practice as a qualified nurse. In all cases, the newly qualified nurse is seen as: Provider of care Educator Counsellor Collaborator Researcher Change Agent Patient Advocate Manager The above are typically the roles of a newly qualified nurse which can be compressed into the NMC professional skills requirements listed below: Maintaining standards of care Making ethical and legal decisions Being accountable Teamworking Teaching others Being in charge. It is recognized that there is a certain amount of overlap in these professional skills and that some concepts cross all of them, in that there are no clear lines drawn where one skill ends and another starts. For the purpose of this analysis, we will look at the issue of making ethical and legal decisions and the Patient Group Direction. Decisions and actions are taken by nurses in the course of day-to-day practice. One would not usually consider each of the skills or concepts in isolation in relation to particular incidents but would make a decision based on the factors contributing to the situation. However, when analysing any situation, in the decisions made and the actions taken, some of the individual conceptual principles may be recognized and highlighted. For example, asking a member of staff to complete a task on your behalf is delegating. This fits neatly into leadership theory and also relates to aspects of accountability. Completing a health and safety audit in the work environment might relate to management theory and responsibility taken on. Completing a review of an individuals care and setting goals for them in multidisciplinary meetings might relate to team working theory. Reporting of poor practices or environments might relate to aspects of accountability and maintaining standards of care. However, all of the above aspects could arise from analysing one situation where the nurse has to make decisions about a certain aspect of care management thus emphasizing the great importance of making ethical and legal decisions. DECISION MAKING PROCESS Nurses are problem solvers who use the nursing process as their tool. The chief goal of ethical decision-making process is to determine right and wrong in situations where clear demarcations are not apparent, and then search for the best answer. For a newly qualified nurse, the following will be a guide to making ethical decisions: State the Dilemma State dilemma clearly, determine whether the problem/decision involves the nurse or only the patient, focus attention on ethical principles and follow the clients wishes first while considering the family input in case of unconsciousness. Collect and Analyze Data Know clients and familys wishes and all information about the problem. Keep abreast of any up to date legal and ethical issues; which may also overlap. Consider Choices of Action Most ethical dilemmas have multiple solutions, some of which are more feasible than others. The more options that are identified, the more likely it is that an acceptable solution can be identified. It may require input from outside sources and other professionals such as Social workers etc. Make the Decision The most difficult part of the process is making the decision, following through with the action, and then living with the consequences. Ethical dilemmas produce differences of opinion and not every one is pleased with the decision but it must be emphasized that clients wishes always supercede the decision by health care providers but ideally, a collaborative decision is made by client, family, doctor and nurse thus producing fewer complications. Act Once a course of action has been determined, the decision must be carried out. Implementing the decision usually involves collaboration with others. Evaluate Unexpected outcomes are common in crisis situations that result in ethical dilemmas. It is important for decision makers to determine the impact an immediate decision may have on future ones. It is also important to consider whether a different course of action might have resulted in a better outcome. If the outcome accomplished its purpose, the ethical dilemma should be resolved and if the dilemma has not been resolved, additional deliberation is needed. Patient Group Direction (PGD) The legislation (Statutory Instrument, 200a) states that Patient Group Direction means in connection with the supply of a prescription only medicine a written direction relating to the supply and administration of a description or class of prescription only medicine or a written direction relating to the administration of a description or class of description only medicine, and which in the case of either is signed by a doctor and by a pharmacist; and relates to the supply and administration, or to administration, to persons generally (subject to any exclusions which may be set out in the Direction). In practice this means that a PGD, signed by a doctor and agreed by a pharmacist, can act as a direction to a nurse to supply and/or administer prescription-only medicines (POMs) to patients using their own assessment of patient need, without necessarily referring back to a doctor for an individual prescription. When can PGDs be used? The law is clear that the majority of care should be provided on an individual, patient-specific basis, and that the supply and administration of medicines under PGDs should be reserved for those situations where this offers an advantage for patient care (without compromising safety), and where it is consistent with appropriate professional relationships and accountability. The RCN interprets this to mean that PGDs should only be used to supply and/or administer POMs to homogeneous patient groups where presenting characteristics and requirements are sufficiently consistent for them to be included in the PGD e.g. infants and children requiring immunisation as part of a national programme. Which POMs can be supplied or administered under a PGD? PGDs can be used to supply and administer a wide range of POMs although there are currently legislative and good practice restrictions in relation to controlled drugs, antimicrobials and black triangle drugs. Controlled drugs The use of controlled drugs continues to be regulated under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 and associated regulations made under that Act. The Home Office has agreed to allow the supply and administration of substances on Schedule 4 (with the exclusion of anabolic steroids) and all substances on schedule 5 to be included in PGDs. Antimicrobials can be included within a PGD but consideration must be given to the risk of increased resistance within the general community. When seeking to draw up a PGD for antimicrobials, a local microbiologist should be involved and approval sought from the drug and therapeutics committee or equivalent. Black triangle drugs and medicines used outside the terms of the Summary of Product Characteristics Black triangle drugs (i.e. those recently licensed and subject to special reporting arrangements for adverse reactions) and medicines used outside the terms of the Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC) sometimes called off label use (for example, as used in some areas of specialist paediatric care) may be included in PGDs. Their use should be exceptional and justified by best clinical practice, and a direction should clearly describe the status of the products. How should PGDs be drawn up? The law (Statutory Instrument, 2000a) requires that PGDs should be drawn up by a pharmacist and the doctor who works with the nurses who will be using them. The relevant health authority should also ratify the PGD. In England, when PGDs are developed locally, HSC 2000/026 (NHSE, 2000) requires that a senior doctor and a senior pharmacist sign them off with authorisation from the appropriate health organisation, i.e. the trust, and that all nurses using the directions are specifically named within the PGD and signed by them. The RCN acknowledges this as good practice and recommends the following steps be taken throughout the UK. The NMC Standards for Medicines Management (2007) state that the administration of drugs via PGDs may not be delegated and students cannot supply or administer under a PGD. Students would however be expected to understand the principles and be involved in the process (NMC 2007). Failure to ascertain that a PGD is the most appropriate route can lead to waste of valuable time and resource and place increased risk on delivery and quality of patient care. Anyone involved with PGDs (whether developing, authorising or practising under them) should understand the scope and limitations of PGDs as well as the wider context into which they fit to ensure safe, effective services for patients. Any extension to professional roles with regard to administration and supply of medicines must take into account the need to protect patient safety, ensure continuity of care and safeguard patient choice and convenience. It also has to be cost effective and bring demonstrable benefits to patient care. Any practice requiring a PGD that fails to comply with the criteria falls outside of the Law and could result in criminal prosecution under the Medicines Act. With regard to the written instruction required for the supply and administration of medicines by non-professionals, Medicines Matters (2006) (3) clarifies that a suitably trained non-professional member of staff can only administer medicines under a Patient Specific Direction (PSD). Medicine Matters (2006) states that: Patient Specific Direction is the traditional written instruction, from a doctor, dentist, nurse or pharmacist independent prescriber, for medicines to be supplied or administered to a named patient. The majority of medicines are still supplied or administered using this process. There is nothing in legislation to prevent PSDs being used to administer medicines to several named patients e.g. on a clinic list. PSDs are a direct instruction and therefore do not require an assessment of the patient by the health care professional instructed to supply or administer the medicine. Pharmacy Only (P) and General Sales List (GSL) Medicines Medicines legislation states that a PGD is not required to administer a P or GSL medicine. The use of a simple protocol is advisable for best practice and from a governance perspective. All medicines administered must be recorded in the patients medical record. Where a GSL medicine is to be supplied it must be taken from lockable premises and supplied in a pre-pack which is fully labelled and meets the GSL requirements. A PGD will be necessary for the supply of P medicines by anyone other than a registered pharmacist. Recommend further advice to be sought from a pharmacist. (Ref: NPC PGDs 2004). For safe administration of drugs, the newly qualified nurse must give the right dose of the right drug to the right patient in the right route at the right time. When giving medications, the nurse needs to be aware of possible interactions between the patients different drugs. It is the nurses responsibility to protect the patient from harm. If they think the wrong drug or the wrong dose has been ordered, they must ask for help from the nurse or the doctor in charge. The newly qualified nurse needs to know the doses of the drug which are safe to administer. Sometimes the pharmacy gives out drugs in grams when the order specifies milligrams, or the other way around. They need to know how to convert these. It is important to know what types of dilemmas newly qualified nurses may face during their careers and how they may deal with it. It is also important for nurses to understand what malpractice is and how they may protect themselves from a malpractice suit. Firstly, it is important to understand the difference between law and ethics. Ethics examines the values and actions of people. Often times, there is no one right course of action when one is faced with an ethical dilemma. On the other hand, laws are binding rules of conduct. When laws are broken, it is punishable by an authority. There are four types of situations that pertain to law and ethics. The first would be an action that is both legal and ethical. An example of this would be a nurse carrying out appropriate doctors orders as ordered. A nurse may also be faced with an action that may be ethical but not legal, such as allowing a cancer patient to smoke marijuana for medicinal purposes. The opposite may arise where an action may be legal but not ethical. Finally, an action may be neither legal nor ethical. For example, when a nurse makes a medication error and does not take responsibility to report to it appropriately. The right of service users to expect practitioners to act in their best interests is reinforced by professional codes of conduct and legislation such as the Mental Health Act. It is also reflected in equality of opportunity legislations such as the Sex Discrimination Act and the Race Relation Act, which aim to ensure that everybody has equal access to and is offered equal care by health and social care service. Patients right to confidentiality under statutory duties is stipulated in the Data Protection Act, Article 8 European Convention of Human Rights, Access to Personal Files Act 1987 and Access to Health Record Acts 1990. The code does require that nurses must disclose information if they believe someone may be at risk of harm in line with the law. As a nurse, respecting autonomy means you must effectively communicate with patients, be truthful, enable patients to make decisions freely, provide appropriate information and accept the patients preferences. Legally, patients must be given enough information to make a balanced judgement however we must be aware that if nurses fail to comply with the legal duty of disclosure, they could face a negligence claim. However, under the principle of therapeutic privilege they can legally withhold information that they think will harm the patient Some patients whether children or adults are unable either to make or to communicate their decisions therefore they lack (or have limited) capacity. The Mental Capacity Act 2005 that create and clarifies the common law on consent in England and Wales, affects everyone aged 16 and over, and provides a statutory framework to empower and protect people who may not be able to make some decisions for themselves. The moral justifications for acting without consent are the principles of beneficence (the duty to do good) and non-maleficence (the duty to do no harm). Paternalism is overriding someones autonomy because you think it is for their own good. However, it is justifiable if we can demonstrate that the patient is at risk of significant, preventable harm, or the action will probably prevent the harm, or the patients capacity for rational reflection is either absent or significantly impaired, or at a later time, it can be assumed that the patient will approve of the decision taken on his/her behalf, or the benefits to the patient of intervention outweigh the risks. Also, we live in a society where demands for accountability and taking responsibility are so commonplace that pinning the blame on someone or something has become almost a fad. The NHS culture of blame has developed basically because no one wants to be accountable or responsible for actions or omissions hence there are no longer any accidents or mistakes. Principles of beneficence and non-maleficence underpin the concept of fault which lies at the heart of negligence law. Beneficence means that you must act in ways that benefit others (i.e. duty to care), and Non-maleficence means that you have a duty not to harm others nor subject them to risk of harm. Every nursing intervention that aims to benefit patients may at the same time also harm them. Sometimes the harm will be unavoidable or even intentional and at other times it can be unintentional and unexpected, therefore it is appropriate to think about the principles of non-maleficence and beneficence together in order to balance harm and benefits against each other. We can resolve this problem responsibility and accountability. These words are sometimes used interchangeably because they do overlap but in actual fact they do not mean the same thing. Being responsible can mean that it is your job or role to deal with something and/or that you have caused something to happen. Accountability on the other hand is about justifying your action or omissions and establishing whether there are good enough reasons for acting in the way you did. Even where the newly qualified nurse delegate tasks to others, such as nursing auxiliaries or care assistants she/he is accountable to the patients through a duty of care, underpinned by a common-law duty to promote safety and efficiency, and legal responsibility through civil law, the employer as defined by your contract of employment, the profession as stated in the relevant codes of conduct and the public. Conclusion All newly qualified nurses were faced with assumptions from others that they should know everything. This was also a high expectation they had of themselves. In meeting the NMC standards of proficiency the nurse should have demonstrated the relevant knowledge and skills in order to practise in their relevant specialized fields. However, it is important to recognize that not every nurse knows everything about everything in their field, especially if they are practising in highly specialized fields. What they need is to be able to develop and adapt to changing situations. Therefore, for the nurse it is impossible to know everything, but they should have developed the skills to find out relevant information, reflect on it, and apply this to their practice. In essence they should have learned how to learn. There is a great deal to be learned once qualified, especially related to a nurses new area of work and a good deal of the development needs to take place on the job.

Parent Teacher Behavior

Parent Teacher Behavior The correlation of a good parent and teacher relationship Parents and teachers constitute two of the most important information sources of young childrens social skills. However, Parents and teachers often are very influential adults in childrens lives, and thus they can provide important perspectives and information concerning childrens behavior. Parents are unique compared to other adults in that they often have observed their childrens behavior across time and across diverse situations. It declared that parents often are aware of subtleties in their childrens behavior and are able to observe them in different contexts, and, therefore, they should be included in the assessment of their children. Inclusion of mothers, fathers, and teachers as assessors allows for comparisons regarding their agreement about childrens behavior across situations with consideration of physical location as well as with sensitivity to differential behavioral values. (Mouly, 2000) In research it has been found that teachers benefit from involvement with parents. Teachers who had high involvement with parents indicated that they were more proficient in instructional and professional activities, devoted more time to instruction, and maintained better parent relationships than did teachers who had little contact with parents. As a result of these reciprocal benefits of parent-teacher relationships, others have encouraged the use of home school collaboration programs to help modify childrens academic and social behavior in school. (Slavin, 2005) Parents play an important role in an exceptional childs life and must inform teachers of their special conditions since no two children are alike. (Mouly, 2000) Teachers can be very helpful in supporting a childs treatment once parents inform them about the disorder. Parents can provide information to the teachers and school personnel about their childs medication or other special needs. From here, teachers can provide parents with occasional progress reports. Even if a child is not active at school, teachers should be informed that treatment can improve the childs ability to learn. However, misunderstandings between student, parent and teacher are common, but can be lessened with early communication between parent and teacher. The first contact between parent and teacher should be made before problems arise with the student. Parents can get involved in school activities in many ways, they can assist teachers with class once a week, volunteer to talk to the class on a particular topic, help with field trips or donate supplies for special events or projects. Some techniques that have effectively been used when working with parents of exceptional students are as follows, effective use of home liaisons, teachers who go on visits with home liaisons to enhance communication between school and parents, treating the parents with respect, encouraging their continued assistance with their childs education, and complimenting them on participation in their childs education. Some other suggestions for improvements that could be made are, training parents specifically in their roles in Individual Education Plans and School Evaluation Teams; obtaining through interviews and observations, viewpoints and feelings of parents; communication through media forms (announcements about appropriate meetings); guest speakers for parent meetings who would give in depth training concerning parental rights, early intervention, and transition plans; all teachers should be required to make personal contact with parents even if there is no apparent intervention neede d, this will keep the door of communication open; activities taught at school that would have a parent participation component included at home. It is very important that teachers help the parents of exceptional children to learn their rights. (OCD, 2005) Some of these parents dont know them at all and some only know bits and pieces that seem misconstrued. Teachers are required to have the parents sign their parental rights at all the meetings with the Diagnostician that would be concerning the childs education. It would be helpful for the parents to know and understand what they are signing for them to feel more comfortable. Most parents are kind of scared to sign things that they are unsure about, and then they are tense and unable to really make the best decisions about their child. (Slavin, 2005) In conclusion, I feel that working with parents of exceptional students will cause a mix of emotions. You are required to be on your toes at all times and they expect you to know everything, but as long as you treat them with respect and follow the simple guidelines from this paper, you shouldnt have a problem. You just have to keep in mind that you are teaching their pride and joy exceptionalities and all. References Mouly, G. (2000). Psychology for effective teaching. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. OCD Resource Center, (n.d.). Child adolescent ocd. Retrieved Mar. 20, 2005. Slavin, B. (2000). Learners with exceptionalities. Ford, D. (1996, Aug 05). Good parent-teacher relationship benefits children. College ofAgriculture and Home Economics, Retrieved Mar 20, 2005 Jones, D. (1997, Mar ), Working with navajo parents of exceptional children. Communication is the key. Retrieved Mar. 20, 2005, from Children, Youth and Family Establishing a parent-teacher relationship. (1998).

Toni Morrisons Sula - A Multi-faceted Interpretation of Sula Essay

A Multi-faceted Interpretation of Sula In The Apocalypse in African-American Fiction, Maxine Lavon Montgomery weaves a multi-faceted interpretation of Toni Morrison's Sula. Montgomery submits, "drawing upon an African cosmological system, Morrison maintains that although life in modern America is chaotic, it is possible to escape life in the West and recover the time of the black community's non-Western beginnings" (74). Though Montgomery makes a highly detailed argument advancing several significant ideas that are well worth acknowledging, her final conclusions exceed what can be clearly supported in Sula. Montgomery's first major heading of "Modern Chaos and Ancient Paradigms" (75) sketches her belief that "natural disasters, unexpected deaths, and continued racist oppression serve as bitter reminders of the near-tragic dimensions of life, for to be black in America is to experience calamity as an ever-present reality, to live on the brink of apocalypse" (75). She supports this statement with the origins of the Bottom... Toni Morrison's Sula - A Multi-faceted Interpretation of Sula Essay A Multi-faceted Interpretation of Sula In The Apocalypse in African-American Fiction, Maxine Lavon Montgomery weaves a multi-faceted interpretation of Toni Morrison's Sula. Montgomery submits, "drawing upon an African cosmological system, Morrison maintains that although life in modern America is chaotic, it is possible to escape life in the West and recover the time of the black community's non-Western beginnings" (74). Though Montgomery makes a highly detailed argument advancing several significant ideas that are well worth acknowledging, her final conclusions exceed what can be clearly supported in Sula. Montgomery's first major heading of "Modern Chaos and Ancient Paradigms" (75) sketches her belief that "natural disasters, unexpected deaths, and continued racist oppression serve as bitter reminders of the near-tragic dimensions of life, for to be black in America is to experience calamity as an ever-present reality, to live on the brink of apocalypse" (75). She supports this statement with the origins of the Bottom...

The Unification of Germany Essay example -- History Historical German

The Unification of Germany   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1871 the thirty-eight states of what was once the Holy Roman Empire, re-united to become what was known in the early twentieth century as simply, The German Empire, united under the rule of the German Emperor, or Kaiser. There are many factors which led to the unification of the German states; liberalism, nationalism, Otto Von Bismarck, fear of ‘another Napoleon’, the Prussian King William I, and the three wars Prussia fought.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the key factors which led to the Unification was nationalism. Nationalism is the idea that certain things such as race, culture, religion, language or territory set them apart from those around them, and they could identify their interests with a group of people not just a local monarch. This idea created the belief that one’s loyalty was first to the ‘nation’ not the monarch. On 23 February 1848, there was a demonstration in Paris that resulted in the abdication of King Louis Philippe. Then on 13 March students in Vienna staged a rebellion which later that day forced Prince Metternich to resign as Austrian Foreign Minister. Prussian King, Frederick William IV, stood against reform and used troops to break up demonstrations. But on hearing of Metternich’s resignation he lost his nerve and called together a Diet, granting a constitution. When a crowd gathered at the Palace in Berlin the royal guard opened fire. The resulting revolution ended by November of that year as the people began to fear the consequences of prolonging it. The failure of this revolution, and the failure to achieve national unity, broke the link between liberalism and nationalism. In the end it was the nationalistic ideals of the German aristocracy, not the general populace that brought about the Unification of the German States in 1871. (1) ** I remember to have been so entirely absorbed by what was happening that I could hardly turn my thoughts to anything else. Like many of my friends, I was dominated by the feeling that at last the great opportunity for giving the German people the liberty which was their birthright and to the German fatherland its unity and greatness, and that it was now the first duty of every German to do and to sacrifice everything for this sacred object. We were profoundly, solemnly in earnest. **   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Liberalism was an important factor of the German Unification. ... ...ded and supremely outmatched. These three wars achieved Bismarck’s goals of obtaining support for the army reforms and unifying Germany under Prussian leadership (which meant the expulsion of Austria from Germany’s affairs). So, the unification of Germany in 1871 was achieved through a combination of factors; the idea held by the German people of a unified nation (nationalism), the fear held by the German aristocracy of anything which may result in a reduction to their power, such as liberalism and the ‘Napoleonic Fear’, the Prussian King William the first whose most important roles were appointing Bismarck and the introduction of the army reforms, and of course, Otto Von Bismarck. Bismarck was the reason for the three wars against Austria, France and Denmark, the implication of the Prussian army reforms and he made sure that the German states finally unified under the rule of a Prussian monarch, or ‘German Kaiser’, ruler of the newly founded German Empire in 1871.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Works Cited www.schoolshistory.org.uk/ ASLevel_History/unificationofgermany.htm mars.acnet.wnec.edu/~grempel/ courses/wc2/lectures/germanunif.html www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/germanunification.html

Malaria Essay -- Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Malaria There are a great number of diseases that are endemic in many of the poorer, developing nations due to the lack of sanitation and disease prevention programs in these areas. The steady increase of malaria epidemics in many of the African countries is a point of great concern, because this continent is home to 90% of the world’s total cases of this particular disease. Malaria gets its name from â€Å"mal aria,† meaning bad air, because patients used to blame the sudden illness on the poor air quality of the nearby swamps. Scientists now know that malaria is a parasitic infection caused by a single-celled protozoan, Plasmodium. Of the four types of this parasite, Plasmodium falciparum is recognized as the most dangerous and lethal string that infects human beings. The female Anopheles mosquito transmits the disease through its saliva, and the protozoan enters the bloodstream and is carried to the liver. The indications of the illness can appear within a week of the exposure or it can take up to a year for the effects to become noticeable. Malaria has many flu-like symptoms, such as headache, fever, nausea, vomiting, sweating, tiredness, and general muscle pain. These characteristics are attributed to many forms of illness, which can prove difficult in the diagnosis of this serious disease early enough for effective treatmen t. The treatment of malaria is commonly administered in the form of a DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) antibiotic. This drug works to eliminate the parasite from the patients blood stream and, therefore, limit the chance of communicating the disease and infecting other people. The drug also significantly reduces the frequency of severity of the patient’s symptoms... ...d Pestilence: From Ancient Times to the Present, Rev. Ed. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 2001. This article was an updated history of African malaria outbreaks and the specific causes of and reactions to these epidemics. â€Å"Malaria.† CDC Division of Parasitic Diseases Information. 3 Mar. 2002. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. 5 Oct. 2002 . This site gave important information about precautions that travelers should take before going to high-risk areas of the world. â€Å"Malaria Facts.† NIAID Quickfacts Page. 17 Sept. 2002. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH. 6 Oct. 2002 . This NIH site provides an in-depth look at the infection/spread of malaria with multiple links for additional information.

Greed is for Wimps

In a Wall Street Journal article titled â€Å"Greed is for Wimps†, the writer talks about how the new generation, Generation Y, is becoming more socially aware. According to the article, this new generation of professionals wants to give back to the community. Apparently it’s not enough to be successful and make all the money in the world. These young professionals are no longer satisfied with driving expensive cars and wearing name brand clothes. An interview with one such young entrepreneur explained how â€Å"the positive impact [we] make on people’s lives is the best measure† of accomplishment. (Omidi) With the way this new generation has such easy access to information over the Internet and socially networking sites, it facilitates them to become more socially conscious. Also, with the effects of the financial crisis still lingering around, this new generation is beginning to find unappealing careers that focus just on making money. Perhaps today’s youth is realizing that everyone’s lives in this world is more intertwined than we believed. We can no longer just look out for ourselves and we can’t decide to help others once we have all the money we want. Instead we should help others as we make our money. I really hope this article is revealing what’s really going on in today’s professional generation and it’s not just subjective. It would be great if everyone began to see that â€Å"social returns outweigh the financial ones. †

Tesco V Walmart

BA. Honours Business counsel BUSINESS MATTERS Business Issues Tesco v Walmart slacken OF CONTENTS Page 1. Introduction 3 2. Business Issues in the sell field 3 3. Financial Health 5 3. 1 Tesco 5 3. 2 Walmart 7 4. Cultural bolt & international deoxyadenosine monophosphateere leading 9 4. 1 Tesco 9 4. 2 Walmart 10 4. 3 Ethical & adenylic acid environmental Issues 12 5. Conclusions 12 6. References 13 7. Bibliography 14 1. Introduction In 2009 the food grocery market in the United landed estate was worth 146. 3 billion pounds, an ontogenesis of 4. 8% on the previous yr see conception 1.Groceries account for 50- ii pence of either pound in retail spend Newbold, 2010, online. dactyl 1 UK Grocery securities industry Performance 1998 2009 ejaculate IGD enquiry 2009 This report looks at contemporary handicraft issues in the grocery store sector and consequently comp atomic number 18s the pecuniary health, leadership, cultural style, ethical initiatives and environme ntal values of two of the biggest business c all(prenominal) in the industry Tesco and Walmart. 2. Business Issuesin the Retail Sector At the expense of lilliputian, medical specialist shops, supermarkets to a greater extent and more manage the supply chain of mountains from farm to shelf.Technological improvements in stock underwrite and checkout scanning, for example, acquire lowered cost and attracted customers. Loyalty card schemes leave behind these superstores with an keenness into consumer preferences, enabling them to divulge match products with customers. To ontogeny efficiency and maintain competitiveness, supermarket manacles pretend consolidated, resulting in a fewer fleck of giant companies. Consequently, manufacturers select perplex increasely dependent on a small number of market outlets, giving these retailers bad leverage to negotiate lower mo shekelsary values. in that location is excessively severe competition with deductive reasoningers such as Lidl. To better manage household budgets during the put credit crunch more British shoppers atomic number 18 obtain at these discount stores. Competition from these dis foresees has led the big chains to develop youthful(a) st locategies. For example, Tesco has up climb uply launched its new Discount range, in an effort to charge the mount of these popular, super-cheap supermarkets. Shoppers argon not comely attracted by low prices. The super concentrate on or hypermarket approach means that one-stop shopping has become a reality for shoppers.Shopping at one of these large stores, possibly two to three times a week, has become a recreational event not a chore. With most shopping straightaway done in malls or online, the tralatitious high channel, with its parking charges, and traffic problems has suffered. There is no often talk about(predicate) the dead heart of the city. To counter this trend, thingmajig stores under 3000 sq feet and open all hours are increasi ng dramatically on the high street see paradigm 2. With an increasing range of products and better layouts, convenience multiples such as equip represent the fastest increment cancel of the grocery market, with sales increasing by 12. %. They currently comprise 20. 5% of the amount United Kingdom food and grocery market Tesco, 2009, online. Figure 2 UK doohickey Stores, 2009 tooth root IGD Research 2009 The large multiples perplex responded strongly in this market sector (e. g. Tesco Express) and drive home taken over some existing chains and flatulence station forecourts. 3. Financial Health of Tesco & Walmart 3. 1 Tesco Tesco is the United Kingdoms premier supermarket chain. It employs 440000 staff and operates in bakers dozen countries Tesco, 2009, online. Presently, it has a commanding, and increasing, 30. % constituent of the non-convenience UK grocery market Figure 3.Figure 3 UK Supermarket parcel out In the financial year 2008-9, despite the economic downtur n, Tesco had put down breads of more than ? 3 billion, 10% more than the previous year. Total gross rose to ? 59. 4bn, taking sales to more than ? 1billion a week for the first time. Consequently, shares in Tesco rose by 5. 5% I. S. , 2010, online. Figure 4 Tescos utility & Loss Account 2005-2009 Year finish 28 February 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 ? trillions Turnover 59377. 0 47298. 0 42641. 0 39454. 33866. 0 Operating Profit 3206. 0 2791. 0 2673. 0 2280. 0 1952. 0 Net Interest -362. 0 -63. 0 -126. 0 -127. 0 -132. 0 Profit Before Tax 2954. 0 2803. 0 2653. 0 2235. 0 1894. 0 Profit After Tax 2166. 0 2130. 0 1881. 0 1586. 0 1353. 0 * * Source www. redmayne. co. uk Figure 5 Tescos Balance Sheet 2005-2009 Year terminate 28 February 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 ? millions Intangible Assets 4027. 0 2336. 0 2045. 0 1525. 0 1408. 0 real(a) Assets 23152. 0 19787. 0 16976. 0 15882. 0 14521. 0 unyielding Investments 321. 0 309. 322. 0 480. 0 423. 0Total Fixed Assets 32008. 0 23864. 0 202 31. 0 18644. 0 16931. 0 Stocks 2669. 0 2430. 0 1931. 0 1464. 0 1309. 0 Cash at Bank and in Hand 3509. 0 1788. 0 1042. 0 1325. 0 1146. 0 Total Assets 46053. 0 30164. 0 24807. 0 22563. 0 20155. 0 Total Liabilities 33058. 0 18262. 0 14236. 0 13119. 0 11501. 0 Net Assets 12995. 0 11902. 0 10571. 0 9444. 0 8654. 0 Net up-to-date Assets n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Called Up Share Capital 395. 0 393. 0 397. 0 395. 0 389. 0 Share bounteousness Account 4638. 0 4511. 0 4376. 3988. 0 3704. 0 Other Reserves 40. 0 40. 0 40. 0 40. 0 40. 0 Profit and Loss Account 7865. 0 6871. 0 5693. 0 4957. 0 4470. 0 Shareholders Funds 12938. 0 11815. 0 10506. 0 9380. 0 8603. 0 Source www. redmayne. co. uk A balance sheet lists all a business assets and liabilities, giving a snapshot of the its boilersuit money value at a presumptuousness time. The Tesco balance sheet Figure 5 indicates that it is rattling(prenominal) healthy financially. It shows that net assets bestow assets complete liabilities have change magnitude tremendously from ? 8654 million to ? 12,995 million.The profit and loss account net profit, or loss, made has well-nigh doubled in the five long time shown from ? 4470 million to ? 7865 million. Figure 6 differentiate Figures for Tesco 2005-2009 Year Ended 28 February 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 net income Per Share Growth (%) 6 22 10 16 n/a Total Dividend (p) 11. 96 10. 90 9. 64 8. 63 7. 56 Operating strand (%) 6 6 6 6 6 ROCE (%) 13 17 19 20 18 Dividend Yield 3. 60 2. 70 2. 20 2. 60 2. 50 Price / Earnings Ratio 11. 40 14. 60 19. 90 16. 50 17. 60 Dividend Per Share Growth (%) 10 13 12 14 11 Source www. redmayne. o. uk Return on capital sedulous (ROCE) is a key measure of an industrys financial health and performance Atrill and Melaney, 2004. It is calculated as the earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) split by the difference between total assets and current liabilities.It shows whether an organisation is obtaining a bonny profit for the amount of capital it owns. The high(prenominal) the ratio, the better the comp whatsoever is. Tesco ROCE is down somewhat but a return of 13% is still much better than any bank account interest rate and shows a very effective investment of capital employed Figure 6. . 2 Walmart The the States based Walmart superstore chain is the biggest family in the world. Almost fifty long time on since Sam Walton opened his first store, 90% of the US population is inwardly xv miles of a Walmart Luce, 2005. With over 1. 3 million employees and sales at a keister of a trillion, it is the biggest retailing success in history. With the goal of low prices, the average customer saves 15% shopping at Wal-Mart Walmart, 2010, online. scorn stiff competition, Wal-Marts annual income from 1996 to 2006 increased steadily, as shown below in Figure 7.Figure 7 Walmarts 10 Year Income For the pecuniary year ending January 31, 2009, Wal-Mart brought in $405. 6 billion of total revenue sales. The income that the firmly made afte r subtracting costs and expenses from the total revenue net income was $13. 6 billion Foley, 2009, online. Figure 8 Walmarts Annual communicate 2008-2009 01/01/2010 01/01/2009 Revenue $m 405,607 408,214 Pre-tax Profit $m 20,898 22,579 EPS $m 3. 39 3. 70 Dividend $m 0. 95 1. 09 ROCE 21. 00% Source www. walmart. com Even higher than Tesco, Walmarts ROCE index of 21%, is distinction of its great financial success. Walmarts share price was hit by the recent economic recession but, as Figure 9 shows, has started to rise again. Figure 9 Walmarts Share Price 2007-2010 Source www. walmart. com In 1999 Asda was acquired by Walmart and in 2006 the company expanded even further internationally. They opened 537 new international stores, employing over 50,000 new employees. International revenues soared by 17. 4% to $7. 87bn, helped by store openings in markets such as Canada and Scotland I. G. D. 2010, online. Walmarts market share continues to rise in the United States, but too in the U nited Kingdom and Mexico. In the midst of a global belief it is obvious that everyday low prices are a big consumer draw. 4. Cultural Style amp leadership 4. 1 TESCO As a performance-driven cheek, Tescos mission arguing is to create value for customers to earn their liveliness loyalty. They are determined to strike up a close relationship with its customers. Consequently, Tesco endeavors to provide better, more innovative products and services than any of its competitors.It believes if you treat customers well and operate efficiently accordingly shareholders will inevitably turn a profit by growth in sales, win and returns Enfield, 2009, online. The customer/staff focus of Tesco is reflected in the far-sighted leadership of terry Leahy, Chief executive director Officer. Representing a new era, Leahy adapted a more participative style of leadership, where employees are condition a voice in the finality-making process. Terry Leahy, Tesco CEO The organizational social sys tem is direct simple and flat with fewer levels in the management hierarchy.There are fewer semi-formal rules, more decentralization and shared decision making throughout the organisation. Leadership roles are delegated to best informed and capable individuals in the organization to ensure that the company operates effectively. As values and beliefs develop, so does commitment to the organization and this is much more productive than a formal hierarchy (Miner 2002). The organic structure suits the pressure to be innovative given its flexibility it can respond to environmental variations quickly (Salaman 2001, p. 106). 4. 2 WALMARTMuch of Wal-Marts success is due to a strong and all-encompassing, corporate culture, earlier developed by Sam Walton. At the core of this culture is a strict push for the lowest prices. This penny-pinching is achieved victimisation state of the art technology and by its plus one policy, which demands that suppliers lower their prices or increase the quality on every item every year. In The Wal-Mart Effect, Charles Fishman shows how the price of a four-pack of General Electric roost bulbs decreased from $2. 19 to 88 cents in spite of appearance five years Fishman, 2006.Because of this culture, Wal-Mart no-frills furnish are in Bentonville, Arkansas, not an dear(predicate) city like New York. Executives start work before 6. 30 am, never use limousines, always fly economy-class and a lot share hotel rooms with colleagues. The company offers prefatory wages and health care plans. It demands that periodic workers do overtime without pay. Store managers on a regular basis work 70 hours per week. They are anticipate to pinch pennies wheresoever they can, even on things like the heating and cooling of the stores.In the winter stores are kept at 70 degrees Fahrenheit and in the summer, they stay at 73 Seth and Randall, 1999. In almost fifty years of operation, Wal-Mart has managed to keep these cultural components, as well as i ts enterprising purport. Leadership Walmarts present chairman, S. Robson Walton son of the founder is reported to have said it is the job of leaders to list to customers, listen to customers, listen to customers Fishman, 2006, p32. Choosing to be a humble-servant type of leader, Mr Walton has established a spirit of customer service throughout the upstanding company. S. Robson Walton,Walmart Chairman Like Tesco, Walmart believes that delegation and moderate supervision increases efficiency. Additionally, if leaders trust workers then they will develop quality decision-making skills. less managerial, supervisory jobs also reflect Walmarts culture of saving money wherever possible. 4. 3 Ethical & Environmental Issues In response to increasing consumer sentience of environmental and ethical issues, the supermarket chains have adopted a range of initiatives. In 2008 Walmart introduced new sporty Trade dependent coffee products which provide plantation workers with better wages and working conditions.Similarly, to benefit farmers growing Fair Trade cotton fiber in Africa and India, Tesco was the first supermarket to bring in Fair Trade cotton knitwear and is presently manifold its range of Fair Trade cotton school uniforms Wiener, 2009. Also, to support local producers, much of Tescos meat and vegetables come from farmers within the region. With environmental issues becoming mainstream, Tesco has recently promised to amplify a carbon label to all its goods and install civilise new refrigeration techniques to reduce its consumption of climate changing hydro-fluorocarbons.Wal-Mart now claims it will power its US stores entirely using renewable brawn Walmart, 2010, online. The introduction of clear labelling regarding fat and small calorie content of products has allowed supermarkets to take advantage of the increased consumer awareness of health issues. In the discipline of a health scare e. g. BSE, their sophisticated communications networks make p roduct traceability very easy. 5. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the retail market has been on the whole transformed in recent years by the large supermarkets.Whether your preferred criteria for financial success is square footage of retail space, sales, net profit or dividend growth, both Tesco and Walmart have reached heights that few others in the retail industry can hope to match. To counter the image that they destroy the environment and are enemies of society, both Tesco and Walmart have adopted a range of environmental, social and ethical programs. The so called Walmark effect may yet be seen as a force for the good.